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Context.On 13 March 2023, when the Parker Solar Probe spacecraft (S/C) was situated on the far side of the Sun as seen from Earth, a large solar eruption took place, which created a strong solar energetic particle (SEP) event observed by multiple S/C all around the Sun. The energetic event was observed at six well-separated locations in the heliosphere, provided by the Parker Solar Probe, Solar Orbiter, BepiColombo, STEREO A, near-Earth S/C, and MAVEN at Mars. Clear signatures of an in situ shock crossing and a related energetic storm particle (ESP) event were observed at all inner-heliospheric S/C, suggesting that the interplanetary coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven shock extended all around the Sun. However, the solar event was accompanied by a series of pre-event CMEs. Aims.We aim to characterize this extreme widespread SEP event and to provide an explanation for the unusual observation of a circumsolar interplanetary shock and a corresponding circumsolar ESP event. Methods.We analyzed data from seven space missions, namely Parker Solar Probe, Solar Orbiter, BepiColombo, STEREO A, SOHO, Wind, and MAVEN, to characterize the solar eruption at the Sun, the energetic particle event, and the interplanetary context at each observer location as well as the magnetic connectivity of each observer to the Sun. We then employed magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the solar wind in which we injected various CMEs that were launched before as well as contemporaneously with the solar eruption under study. In particular, we tested two different scenarios that could have produced the observed global ESP event: (1) a single circumsolar blast-wave-like shock launched by the associated solar eruption, and (2) the combination of multiple CMEs driving shocks into different directions. Results.By comparing the simulations of the two scenarios with observations, we find that both settings are able to explain the observations. However, the blast-wave scenario performs slightly better in terms of the predicted shock arrival times at the various observers. Conclusions.Our work demonstrates that a circumsolar ESP event, driven by a single solar eruption into the inner heliosphere, is a realistic scenario. 

Abstract A series of solar energetic electron (SEE) events was observed from 2022 November 9 to November 15 by Solar Orbiter, STEREO-A, and near-Earth spacecraft. At least 32 SEE intensity enhancements at energies >10 keV were clearly distinguishable in Solar Orbiter particle data, with 13 of them occurring on November 11. Several of these events were accompanied by ≲10 MeV proton and ≲2 MeV nucleon⁻¹heavy-ion intensity enhancements. By combining remote-sensing and in situ data from the three viewpoints (Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A were ∼20° and ∼15° east of Earth, respectively), we determine that the origin of this rapid succession of events was a series of brightenings and jetlike eruptions detected in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) observations from the vicinity of two active regions. We find a close association between these EUV phenomena, the occurrence of hard X-ray flares, type III radio bursts, and the release of SEEs. For the most intense events, usually associated with extended EUV jets, the distance between the site of these solar eruptions and the estimated magnetic connectivity regions of each spacecraft with the Sun did not prevent the arrival of electrons at the three locations. The capability of jets to drive coronal fronts does not necessarily imply the observation of an SEE event. Two peculiar SEE events on November 9 and 14, observed only at electron energies ≲50 keV but rich in ≲1 MeV nucleon⁻¹heavy ions, originated from slow-rising confined EUV emissions, for which the process resulting in energetic particle release to interplanetary space is unclear.